Panama Canal
Type | 6 Other | |
Historical Name of Location | Panama Canal Zone | |
Coordinates | 9.080000000, -79.680000000 |
Contributor: C. Peter Chen
ww2dbaseThe work on a canal to link the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean began in 1881 by French engineers, but it was halted in 1889 after the project went bankrupt. In 1894, a second French company was formed for this project, but this company would not further the canal building project significantly. In 1903, the United States gained the territory from the newly formed Republic of Panama, a US protectorate, for a one-time cost of US$10,000,000 plus an annual cost of US$250,000. In 1904, the US purchased all equipment, excavations, and the Panama Railroad from the French for US$40,000,000. In 1908, the US Navy requested that the locks across the canal to be increased from 28.5 meters (94 feet) in width to at least 36 meters (118 feet); it was eventually compromised to the width of 33.53 meters (110 feet). In 1913, the Gatun Lake was created by damming the Chagres River; it provided several million gallons of water for the operation of locks, as well as drinking water for nearby cities. After a 10-year effort that cost nearly US$500,000, the canal was completed in 1914. In 1914, about 1,000 ships made the 50-mile transit from one ocean into the other. In 1921, in the interest of safeguarding the canal, the US agreed to pay Colombia (which Panama rebelled against) US$25,000,000 for Colombia to drop its claims on Panama. In 1935, the building of the Madden Dam was completed across the Chagres River above Gatun Lake to provide additional water storage for the canal. In 1939, a project was begun to create a new set of locks that would allow the US Navy to build wider ships, but this project would be canceled after WW2.
ww2dbaseJust prior to the US entry into WW2, Caribbean Defense Command was given the responsibility of guarding the entire territory. When the tension with Japan mounted, all Japanese ships were forced out of the territory by 22 Jul 1941. When the US entered the war, the strategically-important Panama Canal Zone was defended by anti-torpedo nets and naval mines, chemical smoke generators, anti-aircraft gun positions, two long range radar installations (one on each coast), 634 search lights, 30 aircraft warning stations, 11 16-inch coastal gun batteries. US troops were stationed at Colón, Margarita Island, and Toro Point (Fort Sherman). A great number of Allied warships and various other vessels transited the Panama Canal during WW2. Although hostile submarines did venture near the canal, the canal was never in serious harm.
ww2dbaseAfter the Suez Canal crisis of 1956, the United States pressured France and the United Kingdom to abandon their attempts to take control of the Suez Canal. This was perceived as hypocrisy by Panamanian nationalists for that the US showed no signs of ever wanting to give up the control of the Panama Canal to Panama. With pressure mounting over several decades, in 1977, the Torrijos-Carter Treaties finally provided a road map to transfer the canal to Panama; as a condition, Panama was required to uphold a neutrality over the canal's operations. The transfer was executed on 1 Oct 1979. Toll revenues from the canal immediately became one of Panama's main sources of revenue. In 1999, true full control was given to Panama.
ww2dbaseSources:
John Geoghegan, Operation Storm
Wikipedia
Last Major Update: Mar 2018
Panama Canal Interactive Map
Photographs
Maps
Panama Canal Timeline
15 May 1889 | The French efforts to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama in Colombia ("Gran Colombia") ceased after the project went bankrupt. |
4 May 1904 | The United States formally took control of the in-progress Panama Canal. |
10 Oct 1913 | US President Woodrow Wilson sent a signal from the White House in Washington DC, United States which triggered the explosion that destroyed the Gamboa Dike in the Panama Canal Zone, flooding the Culebra Cut and joining the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. |
7 Jan 1914 | Floating crane Alexandre La Valley became the first self-propelled vessel to transit the Panama Canal. |
3 Aug 1914 | Cargo and passenger ship Cristobal became the first non-canal-construction vessel to transit the Panama Canal. |
14 Aug 1914 | Morgan Adams transited the Panama Canal aboard his pleasure boat, and made the first toll payment for the use of the canal. |
15 Aug 1914 | The Panama Canal officially began its operations. The cargo ship Ancon became the first vessel to transit the canal after the official opening. |
25 Jul 1919 | USS New Mexico transited the Panama Canal. |
20 Jan 1921 | USS Arizona passed through the Panama Canal and reached the Pacific Ocean. |
22 Feb 1921 | USS Arizona passed through the Panama Canal. |
28 May 1921 | USS R-5 transited the Panama Canal. |
7 Feb 1929 | USS Arizona passed through the Panama Canal. |
28 Jan 1931 | USS R-5 transited the Panama Canal. |
7 Apr 1935 | USS Ranger transited the Panama Canal for the first time and entered the Pacific. |
10 Dec 1937 | USS Permit transited the Panama Canal. |
13 Jan 1939 | USS Ranger transited the Panama Canal on her way to Fleet Exercises in the Caribbean. |
25 May 1939 | USS Skipjack transited the Panama Canal. |
6 Jul 1939 | USS Nashville transited the Panama Canal on her way from Norfolk, Virginia to San Diego, California. |
14 Nov 1940 | USS St. Louis transited the Panama Canal. |
3 Dec 1941 | USS Gar reached the Pacific Ocean via the Panama Canal. |
17 Jan 1942 | USS New Mexico transited the Panama Canal. |
11 Mar 1942 | USS Hornet (Yorktown-class), USS Nashville, and their escorts transited the Panama Canal and entered the Pacific Ocean. |
15 May 1942 | Submarine USS Growler transited the Panama Canal on her way to the Pacific Theater. |
28 Aug 1942 | USS Washington, with USS Nicholas as an escort, arrived at the Panama Canal, transited through, and docked at Balboa, Canal Zone. |
7 Sep 1942 | USS Bailey arrived at Cristobal, Canal Zone. |
8 Sep 1942 | USS Bailey detached from the Atlantic Fleet, transited the Panama Canal, and moored at Balboa, Canal Zone. |
9 Sep 1942 | USS Bailey reported to the Pacific Fleet at Balboa, Canal Zone for duty and departed for San Diego, California later that day. |
23 Dec 1942 | Auxiliary Aircraft Carrier USS Bogue transited the Panama Canal from the Pacific to the Atlantic. |
26 Jan 1943 | Auxiliary Aircraft Carrier USS Card transited the Panama Canal from the Pacific to the Atlantic. |
11 Jul 1943 | USS Yorktown (Essex-class) transited the Panama Canal. |
25 Aug 1943 | USS Alabama transited the Panama Canal. |
7 Jan 1944 | USS Iowa transited the Panama Canal. |
11 May 1944 | USS Franklin transited through the Panama Canal. |
16 Jul 1944 | USS Ranger transited the Panama Canal and entered the Pacific. |
25 Aug 1944 | Fleet oiler USS Severn with destroyer escort USS Tabberer transited the Panama Canal into the Pacific. |
4 Sep 1944 | USS Ticonderoga transited through the Panama Canal. |
25 Sep 1944 | USS Astoria transited the Panama Canal and then made port call at Balboa, Panama. |
2 Oct 1944 | USS Pasadena transited the Panama Canal for the first and only time. |
12 Oct 1944 | USS Sea Robin transited the Panama Canal. |
17 Nov 1944 | USS Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas entered the Panama Canal and anchored in Gatun Lake overnight. |
18 Nov 1944 | USS Missouri, Texas, Arkansas, Shamrock Bay, and Wake Island completed their transit of the Panama Canal. |
21 Nov 1944 | USS Boarfish transited the Panama Canal. |
15 Dec 1944 | USS Honolulu transited the Panama Canal and moored at Cristobal, Canal Zone. |
21 Dec 1944 | USS Bennington transited the Panama Canal. |
31 Dec 1944 | USS Ancon transited the Panama Canal. |
20 Apr 1945 | USS Franklin transited through the Panama Canal. |
24 Jun 1945 | Escort carrier USS Bogue arrived at Cristobal, Panama Canal Zone and began unloading airplanes. |
27 Jun 1945 | Escort carrier USS Card arrived at Cristóbal, Panama Canal Zone whereupon the was detached from the Atlantic Fleet and reported for duty to the Pacific Fleet. |
27 Jun 1945 | Escort carrier USS Bogue transferred to the Pacific Fleet and transited the Panama Canal bound for San Diego, California. |
1 Sep 1945 | Destroyer USS Shaw transited the Panama Canal and entered the Caribbean Sea. |
15 Sep 1945 | Gato-class submarine USS Silversides transited the Panama Canal for the first time. |
20 Sep 1945 | USS Sea Robin transited the Panama Canal. |
11 Oct 1945 | USS Ranger transited the Panama Canal and entered the Caribbean. |
12 Oct 1945 | USS New Mexico transited the Panama Canal. |
18 Oct 1945 | Destroyer USS Cummings transited the Panama Canal as part of her final voyage. |
6 Dec 1945 | USS Proteus transited the Panama Canal. |
14 Jan 1946 | USS Ancon transited the Panama Canal. |
23 May 1946 | USS Tamalpais transited the Panama Canal bound for Mobile, Alabama, United States. |
7 Sep 1977 | Jimmy Carter and Omar Torrijos signed a treaty in Washington DC, United States, agreeing that the Panama Canal, along with the entire Panama Canal Zone territory, would be transferred to the Republic of Panama. |
1 Oct 1979 | The Panama Canal, along with the entire Panama Canal Zone territory, was given to the Republic of Panama, under the condition that the canal would be operated in a neutral manner. |
6 Aug 1984 | USS Iowa transited the Panama Canal. |
31 Dec 1999 | At noon, Panama was no longer bound by treaty to maintain a neutral stance over Panama Canal operations, thus truly gaining full control of the canal. |
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Visitor Submitted Comments
24 Dec 2023 04:18:12 AM
My dad served in the Panama canal zone. I have articles of his boxing there for the army 76th brigade, CAC during WW2. I don't have info on his unit. I believe he was part of an air artillery unit. Article says he boxed for the 76th AA brigade. Would like more info.
All visitor submitted comments are opinions of those making the submissions and do not reflect views of WW2DB.
WW2-Era Place Name | Panama Canal Zone |
Lat/Long | 9.0800, -79.6800 |
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General Douglas MacArthur at Leyte, 17 Oct 1944
16 Sep 2019 07:37:50 PM
My dad served in the army air Corp in panama WWII. He turns 100 in December of this year, and receiving any history of when he served would be cherished. He has said he was a radio man trying to sink German subs. But the u.s. bombs were from WwI and just bounced off the ships. Also the red lighting district in some base in panama burned down, asa direct result of something my dad did.