World War II Database

Contributor: C. Peter Chen

ww2dbaseAustria was Adolf Hitler's birth country, and she was the first nation to be annexed by Hitler's Nazi Germany. The idea of a unification of all German-speaking people under one flag, Anschluß (frequently Anglicized as Anschluss), had been an idea that had existed since the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. It briefly gained momentum immediately after WW1, but by the 1930s most Austrians were happy with the arrangement of having their own independent nation. Hitler, however, was among those who held on to the idea, and considered it his personal mission, as shown in Mein Kampf.

ww2dbaseTo reach that goal, the first course of action was to spread the influence of the Nazi Party into Austria, secretly funding the Austrian Nazi organization through the German Foreign Office. By Jul 1934, the Nazi Party was so influential that Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuß of Austria banned all political parties except for the ruling Christian Social Party. Near the end of the very same month, a failed coup d'état by Austrian Nazi Party members saw the murder of Dollfuß. Kurt Schuschnigg succeeded as the next Chancellor, and continued to strike at Nazi Party leaders.

ww2dbaseOn 12 Feb 1938, Hitler invited Schuschnigg to his home, Berghof, in Bavaria, Germany for a secret discussion. Schuschnigg politely addressed Hitler as "Herr Reichskanzler" (Mr. Reich Chancellor) as per diplomatic courtesy, but immediately Hitler put on an unfriendly face, addressing Schuschnigg by his name rather than his title. Hitler threatened and insulted Schuschnigg; "I have only to give an order," Hitler screamed, "and your ridiculous defenses will be blown to bits!" Hitler continued to remind Schuschnigg that top German leaders were present in Berghof at the very moment, but according to Wilhelm Keitel after the war, it was only a bluff, and Hitler had not been ready to actually use force. Hitler left Schuschnigg for several hours, and called Schuschnigg back into his office. He gave Austria until 15 Feb; by that time, he wanted Schuschnigg to be replaced by Austrian Nazi Party member Arthur Seyß-Inquart. Before he departed Berghof, he signed a two-page agreement drafted by Joachim von Ribbentrop which lifted the ban on the Austrian Nazi Party, released jailed Austrian Nazi Party members, and appointed Nazi Party members Arthur Seyß-Inquart and Edmund Glaise-Horstenau ministers in his government.

ww2dbaseOnce Schuschnigg returned to Austria, though initially timid, he began to work against German violations against his country's sovereignty. He immediately contacted Italy, which had been Austria's protector since the country's formation; although Benito Mussolini had previously voiced support for Austrian independence, he remained curiously quiet this time. Details of the German demands were also published abroad to gather international support. On 9 Mar 1938, he announced that a nation-wide plebiscite was to be held, believing that the voice of Austrians against any form of German aggression, political or otherwise, would cause the Germans to risk an international incident; should the Austrian people show less resolve than Schuschnigg had hoped for, his single-party ruling system could resort to ballot-fixing if necessary. Hitler became furious when he heard the news of the plebiscite; on 11 Mar, Hitler ordered his top military leaders to convert Case Otto, a wargaming scenario for a war against Austria, into a military operation that would be ready by the next day in order to strike prior to the planned plebiscite date of 13 Mar. At the same time, various Nazi Party organizations fabricated false news of riots and general breakdown of society in Austria; this was to create false incidents to lay the ground for Seyß-Inquart, once he gained power, to send a request to Germany for German troops to help quell the civil disobedience (ultimately, Seyß-Inquart would refuse to send such a request, and the Germans would resort to filing a falsified request in the German Foreign Office). German leader Hermann Göring played an important role during this time as well, coordinating communications between Austria and Germany as well as ensuring inaction on the part of Czechoslovakia in the matter.

ww2dbaseIn the early hours of 12 Mar, troops of the German 8th Army marched into Austria. Schuschnigg was arrested, and Seyß-Inquart proclaimed to wield the power of both the President's and the Chancellor's offices, despite the fact that President Wilhelm Miklas had refused to resign. Adolf Hitler crossed the border shortly after, welcomed by thunderous crowds, some of which were genuine while some others staged. He visited his birthplace of Braunau, touring his former school and home, and was reported to have gotten emotional.

ww2dbaseBenito Mussolini of Italy, having received a hand-written letter on this topic shortly before, personally telephoned Hitler to let Hitler know that Austria was "immaterial" to Italy, suggesting Italy's approval for this annexation. The enthusiastic Hitler told a messenger to bring Mussolini the message "I will never forget him for this.... Never, never, never, no matter what happens!"

ww2dbaseAt the city of Linz, Hitler gave a speech at the city hall; Wilhelm Keitel recorded the crowd reaction as "electric and excited beyond belief". To establish legality for the annexation, it was announced that a plebiscite was to be held in both Germany and Austria, both of which were to be held on 10 Apr. Hitler immediately engaged on a trip all cross Germany and Austria to garner support. Photographs of enthusiastic Austrian crowds waving the Nazi Party flag were circulated throughout Germany and Austria, while those depicting refugees fleeing out of Austria, both Jewish and otherwise, were suppressed. The result of the plebiscite showed overwhelming, ie. 99%, support for the annexation in both countries, but this revealed little of real German and Austrian sentiments as coercion most likely played a role in the voting. According to Winston Churchill's own intelligence network, the most generous estimate did not exceed 35% approval rate. "[T]he majority in the country is in favor of an independent Austria," said Georg Franckenstein, an Austrian diplomat in London, England, United Kingdom who was secretly acting as one of Churchill's informants.

ww2dbaseMeanwhile, the western powers of the United Kingdom and France failed to act. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain protested by stating that "our Ambassador in Berlin registered a protest in strong terms with the German Government against such use of coercion, backed by force, against an independent State in order to create a situation incompatible with its national independence", but failed to commit any action to back up his words. On 17 Mar 1938, the Soviet Union attempted to organize a multi-power discussion to curtail German expansionism; Chamberlain, among other leading world politicians, denied the request.

ww2dbaseNazi anti-Semitic policies were implemented shortly after the occupation. An Austrian who was able to flee to Britain described after the war how his countrymen were demeaned by the German occupiers:

ww2dbaseOn 7 Oct 1938, British Lord Halifax sent Berlin a letter questioning the reports of ill-treatment; he requested a statement from Berlin "to combat such assertions, the spreading of which might in fact hamper the advocates of Anglo-German relations in the realization of their aspirations." Hitler's responded that anyone who stood in his way would be vanquished. Two days later at a speaking engagement at Saarbrücken in Germany, Hitler added that Germany "cannot tolerate any longer the tutelage of governesses. Inquiries of British politicians concerning the fate of Germans within the frontiers of the Reich, or of lands belonging to the Reich, are none of their concern." Even after such responses to foreign inquiries, however, pacifists in Britain and France continued to believe Hitler could be appeased.

ww2dbaseFrom a military perspective, the annexation of Austria immediately provided the German military five incomplete divisions (two infantry, two mountain, and one armored). Additionally, Czechoslovakia was now surrounded by Germany on three sides, with its borders nearly indefensible to a German invasion.

Annexation of Austria Interactive Map

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Annexation of Austria Timeline

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