World War II Database

Contributor: C. Peter Chen

ww2dbaseThe heavy casualties incurred during the grueling Italian campaign placed a strain on the American democratic political machine and displeased American generals. At the objection of British counterparts, American Lieutenant General Jacob Dever's 6th Army Group (consisted of Lieutenant General Alexander Patch's US 7th Army, General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny's French 1st Army, and the 1st Allied Airborne Task Force) shifted its attention to southern France in Operation Dragoon (originally named Operation Anvil). The American planners wanted Dever's 887-ship and 2,000-aircraft landing operation to compliment the Normandy campaign, which the slow-moving Italian campaign was not able to do.

ww2dbaseGeneral Bernard Montgomery wrote Dwight Eisenhower on 21 Feb 1944 "I recommend very strongly that we now throw the whole weight of our opinion into the scales against Anvil." This recommendation was consistent to the general objection to this campaign shown by the British. In a communication between Churchill and Eisenhower, the British Prime Minister stated that

ww2dbaseHowever, Eisenhower overruled the British objections and decided to carry out the operation; he was said to be partially distrustful of the British intentions for a Balkans entry into Europe, for that he thought Britain may have had imperialistic ambitions. This incident of Eisenhower overruling British opposition was yet another signal that the United States was not only coming to age as a dominant world power, but she was taking over Britain's place as the more influential member of the alliance.

ww2dbaseEisenhower argued for taking Marseille for the fact that the Germans had already sent a portion of the area's defenses northward to reinforce the Normandy region, leaving Marseille vulnerable and free of the threat of German demolition. The elimination of German forces in southern France in general would give the Normandy landers much needed relief on their southern flank, granting much safety for a strong supply line.

ww2dbaseOn 15 Aug 1944, the landing troops sailed from Corsica surprised the German and Vichy French defenders at the French Riviera (Cavalaire-sur-Mer, Saint-Tropez, and Saint-Raphaël beaches). Within the first two days thousands of men and vehicles were transported ashore, and the port cities of Toulon and Marseille were under Allied control by the end of the month. With the intelligence information provided by local French Resistance, the Dragoon landers were able to connect with Patton's American forces near Dijon by 15 Sep.

ww2dbaseMain German defenders in the southern France region were of General Johannes Blaskowitz's Army Group G, which was consisted of General Kurt von der Chevallerie's 1st Army and General Friedrich Wiese's 19th Army. Army Group G's ranks were thinned as elements were sent to northern France to counter the Normandy invasion, which provided lighter resistance for the Allies than originally expected. In a month's time, the thinned German defenses fell apart in southern France, effectively dissolving the Vichy-French government. The successful Allied operations in southern France also inspired a revolt by resistance fighters in Paris.

ww2dbaseOperation Dragoon included a glider landing (Operation Dove) and a deception (Operation Span).

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1.  Alan Chanter says:
12 Nov 2009 08:07:42 AM

Hindsight indicates that the invasion hardly drew any German reserves from the main front and the retreating formations slipped into position on the left flank of the German forces defending their western frontier. Montgomery voiced the general British opinion that Anvil was one of the great strategic mistakes of the war, the withdrawal from Italy of the US Divisions and the entire French Expeditionary Force needlessly prolonged that campaign so that the Russians reached Vienna first and had a free hand in the Balkans, with vital post-war repercussions.